Business Law of Australia

Question: Depict about the business law ofAustralia. Answer: Section A: In Australia, there are a few kinds of laws that apply to a business element, for example, resolution law, precedent-based law, common law, and so forth. These administer the demonstrations/activities of element and ensure the privileges of the customers and business substances. Moreover, there is an authoritative structure in Australia that ensures the equity and reasonableness of managing among clients and a business firm. It is fundamental for a family-claimed fish café that it ought to comply with the legitimate guidelines and guidelines to maintain the business tasks easily in Australia. Owners of the café wish to call this eatery as Great Catch! In this manner, they ought to think about the proper laws, controllers, current and conceivable legitimate issues for maintaining the business successfully (Australian Government, 2016). In Australian Property Law, the property of business is characterized into three sections, for example, genuine property (land, furniture, building, hardware, and leaseholds), individual property (character and assets) and protected innovation (plan, patent, and trademarks). Other than this, as per the Australian business law, the name of the café can be a kind of licensed innovation to the proprietors. In any case, protected innovation can't be assembled with the lawful laws and guideline. Consequently, it very well may be said that it goes under the classification of the impalpable individual property (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016). Picked in real life law clarifies that an individual has the option to guarantee for securing the licensed innovation (IP) of the organization. According to this law, the organization doesn't have option to guarantee on physical ownership of protected innovation or impalpable individual property. In this specific circumstance, Great Catch! name can't be utilized by another firm since this law gave the rights to the eatery holder for securing the brand name of business. In any case, it is compulsory for organization to get the new name lawfully enrolled under law of country (Caenegem, 2010). Alongside this, Australian Corporation Act and business affiliations grant the enrollment of exchange name. Along these lines, it very well may be exemplified that fish eatery may ensure the brand name and increase the legitimate rights to utilization of a special brand name by enrolling its exchange name the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). On the opposite side, fair picked in real life likewise gives the equivalent option to every lawful partner to make a case for securing the licensed innovation. Along these lines, all lawful individual from the family claimed fish café reserve the privilege to sue over the licensed innovation of the eatery. Moreover, enterprise act gives the substantial law to coordinate the rights identified with the exchange name of the business. Along these lines, fish café landowner may make acknowledgment mindfulness among clients by giving their eatery name in the commercial center (Vanhonnaeker, 2015). According to the Australian business law, the trademark is a sort of protected innovation that offers interesting (ID) to the merchant. A trademark might be known as brand name, image, structure and so on. Under the trademark demonstration 1995, the proprietors of fish eatery has commitment to enlist the name of their café as the trademark. This law additionally gives the legitimate security to the business element. In Australia, there is an enlistment center for enrolling the trademark and controlling and practicing the lawful rights (Caenegem, 2010). Another law is Sales of Goods Act and Australian Consumer Law (ACL) that makes a legitimate duty regarding the firm. The Sales of Goods Act is appropriate in the state and domain fringes while ACL is material Australia wide. It is compulsory for fish café to follow the deals of products represent running business in Sydney (NSW Consolidated Act, 2016). As indicated by this law, all factor property can be sold, for example, buyer capable products, apparatuses, crops and so on. Alongside this, fish eatery may sell the food which is purchaser merchandise (Barnett and Harder, 2014). This enactment normalizes the business understanding in the Australia. Along these lines, fish eatery has lawful capacity to sell the products, and make a cost and agreement in the business. As indicated by this law, the organization passes their proprietorship to the purchaser while they sell the merchandise (Latimer, 2012). Other than this, the organization likewise pass the hazard at the hour of exchange, for example, harms, misfortunes and so on to buyer. For instance; a merchant offers the short-lived products to the purchaser without making information on merchandise. On the off chance that the products are harmed, at that point this agreement would be void (Thampapillai, et al., 2015). On the opposite side, according to the deals of merchandise act, there is a commitment to purchasers to pay at the hour of conveyance of the products. Other than this, it tends to be said that acknowledgment of products by the purchaser characterizes the usage of deals of merchandise contract. On account of logical inconsistency in the agreement, this enactment gives various solutions for the purchasers like disavowal for products, an activity for harms, evenhanded solutions for certain exhibition (Bruce, 2010). Other than this, it tends to be said that these cures may make the lawful issues for the fish café. For example; on the off chance that fish café neglects to give quality in food to the shoppers, at that point, for this situation, customers can penetrate the agreement and can likewise make a move for reimbursement (Australian Government, 2016). In this manner, fish café ought to oblige to the offer of a decent agreement for working successfully. This offers rights to the clients for substitution, fix, discount and remuneration because of the harm and misfortune. The fish café is likewise obliged to follow this enactment to restrict the legitimate cases and issues. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) have the ability to ensure the privilege of purchasers. Purchasers reserve a privilege to sue for pay and misfortunes by authorizing the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA) under the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2016). This demonstration is otherwise called the shopper affirmation law in which buyers have directly for substitution, revamp, discount and repayment because of the reimbursement and misfortunes. It very well may be expressed that the fish café is required to act as per this enactment to define the limit of the legitimate cases and issues (Malbon and Nottage, 2013). PART: B Different legitimate commitments happen in the given case. Here to distinguish the lawful cures and punishments, the scholarly law and offer of the great demonstration are expected to apply on the given case. There are two kinds of agreement condition, for example, communicated and suggested, which are useful to decide the purchasers and venders commitment. In this unique situation, the express condition is distinguished at the hour of agreement development in given case. Be that as it may, the inferred condition is required through different laws and guidelines. Alongside this, there is a circumstance in the suggested condition that a vender has the privilege to offer the property to the purchaser after the ownership (Morandin and Smith, 2011). The property enactment in Australia expresses that the dealer can move their property to the purchaser through agreement of offer. It is additionally the expert for the purchaser to utilize that property for his own utilization (Guan, 2014). Item condition or depiction is another suggested condition that is related with a deal. In any case, inferred condition is useful for the purchaser. It is on the grounds that purchaser can take a detail at the hour of procurement merchandise from the vender as item depiction. In result, the authoritative presentation of the Australia coordinated with the vender portrayal. In the given case, it is resolved that the chief of Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd assumed a vital job in selling the pizza broiler or Manny and Bella by portraying them loaded with information about the stove. Accordingly, Australia lawful enactment act gives the privilege to Manny and Bella for sue on the dealer. Besides, condition as to quality is a component of the offer of the great demonstration that distinguishes the lawful rights and commitment of the purchaser and dealer. Nature of products should fit the reason for the purchaser (Merkin, et al., 2014). The reason for the purchaser is to give the legitimate commitment that satisfies the quality needs of the purchaser. For the situation, Australia offer of the great demonstration characterizes the legitimate arrangements of the purchaser. Accordingly, Manny and Bella approach the director for his necessary pizza stove. Thus, supervisor of Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd guarantees the stove will heat 30 pizzas in a single hour. Accordingly, in really pizza broiler will heat 12 pizzas in a single hour. Be that as it may, wedded couple Manny and Bella pays $15000 for pizza stove based on Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd chief portrayal. Subsequently, the agreement is penetrated between the purchaser and dealers. So that as per Australia enactment act Manny and Bella have option to make lawful move against the vender (Jones, 2014). Moreover, Australia purchaser law advances the shopper insurance and exchange. Just as, it characterizes the purchaser and dealer lawful commitment (Douglas, et al., 2014). Be that as it may, rivalry and purchaser Act of Australia gives the merchandise assurance to the purchaser at the hour of purchase products and administration. In outcome, the purchaser has an alternate right against the merchandise and administration ensure. In the given case, Manny and Bella have purchased the pizza stove from Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd that guarantees the stove will prepare the 30 pizzas in at the top of the hour. However, stove prepares the 12 pizzas for each hour just, which altogether sway the business. It is on the grounds that wedded couple faces the loss of the business. Australia shopper act gives the lawful power to the purchaser to make legitimate move again the merchant. In this unique situation, wedded couple can guarantee for their cures through substitution, remuneration for harm misfortune and crossing out of the offer of the agreement against the vender (Latimer

Influences of Eastern Religions in My Life Free Essays

Impacts of Eastern Religions In My Life The two readings that have affected, impacted, and tested my perspective on religion are the Bhagavad Gita (BG) and the essential compositions of Zhuangzi. I have picked these readings as a result of their impact and knowledge they have disclosed to me in my current station of life. In especially, from the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna’s educating in part 2 â€Å"The Path of Reality,† and from Zhuangzi; his points of view from his compositions in segment 3 â€Å"The Secret of Caring for Life† and segment 18 â€Å"Supreme Happiness. We will compose a custom article test on Impacts of Eastern Religions in My Life or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Both have addressed me from an alternate setting, inside an alternate arrangement of parameters than that of my own confidence and work on; carrying me to a new and significant comprehension of my very own portion suffering problems inside my own strict convention. I as of now see myself as a Mormon (Latter-day Saint) and have been throughout the previous 13 years. Up until this REL 101 class I was inexperienced with these eastern strict customs and viewpoints. The Path of Reality, as titled for part 2 in the (BG), has made me fully aware of its important exercise, which I am grateful for its impact. The idea of non-connection is pervasive here in this part. Non-connection intends to live like a lotus leaf, without being moved by it or dirtied by it. It is sans living from the encumbrances of life and the attractions and interruptions it brings to the table, not inactively by fleeing from them, however effectively by creating serenity (yoga) and Self(atman)- mindfulness (Ch. v. 30-48). As per the (BG) contact with sense objects brings about connection (Ch. 2 v. 58). In the accompanying versus it elucidates this idea: When we don't have the correct separation we lose the capacity to pick astutely, which brings about the outcomes of karma that ties us to this world and samsara. In spite of the fact that I have not grasped each feature of Hinduism, the ground-breaking language found in the (BG) has reinforced me to handle present-day continuou s preliminaries in my own existence with new power and excitement. What I would just arrange as transgression or a malevolent deed from the presets of my own strict convention, I have discovered new phrasing and clarification for my conduct that has been enabling and fortified my aspiration to defeat this misfortune I have been looking in my life. The other perusing that has positively affected me is the fundamental works of Zhuangzi. Area 3 â€Å"The Secret of Caring forever. † Here, Zhuangzi passes on a tale about Cook Ding, the butcher, which draws an increasingly good picture of specialization (Zhuangzi, p. 45-46). His model is reliable with Aristotle’s perception that human life offers nothing else of a satisfying movement than the activity of some gained expertise. Exceptionally sharpened abilities welcome confusing, practically mysterious, depiction. In execution we appear to encounter a solidarity of entertainer and activity. Such practice is a method of losing oneself as one would in thought or in a daze. Zhuangzi considers Cook Ding having amazing ability, easily, on the grounds that this aptitude in real life is done simultaneously while being unified with the Dao (p. 45-46). The precision of our own activities now and then beguiles us. We don't see how we did it; we positively can't disclose it to other people. I discovered this story fascinating in light of the fact that I am one who esteems self-dominance. As an ex-university competitor I can identify with Cook Ding, however would prefer to call it â€Å"being in the zone. † Although I am not a devotee of Daoism there are numerous things I find engaging in this convention; this otherworldly story being one of them. The other area from Zhuangzi â€Å"Supreme Happiness† has supported the ongoing loss of my distant grandma â€Å"Grandma Bea. My distant grandmother was a mainstay of confidence in my life and an extraordinary model in numerous fields of life. Now and again, normally, I ended up lamenting over her misfortune. Perusing this segment I felt that it gave me new understanding to adapting to this misfortune. From the outset, I got myself progressively like Huizi, as opposed to Zhaun gzi. As contemplated this for the past couple weeks my pain has died down. When Zhuangzi’s spouse kicked the bucket and he beat on a drum as opposed to grieving for her, he addressed his Huizi by clarifying that maybe his significant other had advanced into a more joyful presence than that which she had appreciated while in human structure. It was not off-base to have cherished her and to miss her, yet it wasn't right to grieve her change starting with one structure then onto the next (Zhuangzi, 115). Zhuangzi’s stories bring up that one can't be sure what is best for others and that one ought to in this manner abstain from forcing speculative and dubious qualities on others. He likewise edifies the peruser about the real factors of death and the clearness that originates from having a higher information which gives more prominent comprehension and capacity to adapt to death. He states, â€Å"If I were to trail her awling and crying, it would show that I don’t comprehend anything about destiny. So I halted (115). Therefore, passing is just a stage in the turning of the wheel of fortune that is the Dao. The turning of the wheel voids the personality and crumbles the material body of the dead individual. From the stance of the Dao, be that as it may, no condition is more alluring than another. As a characte ristic occasion in the pattern of human life, demise is neither to be dreaded nor to be saddened over. This point of view has given me new understanding and capacity to adapt to my ongoing misfortune. Step by step instructions to refer to Influences of Eastern Religions in My Life, Essay models

Major Innovators of Early Motion Pictures

Significant Innovators of Early Motion Pictures The primary machine licensed in the United States that indicated vivified pictures or motion pictures was a gadget called the wheel of life or zoopraxiscope. Protected in 1867 by William Lincoln, it permitted moving drawings or photos to be seen through a cut in the zoopraxiscope. Be that as it may, this was a long ways from films as we probably am aware them today. The Lumiã ¨re Brothers and the Birth of Motion Pictures Present day film making started with the creation of the movie camera. French siblings Auguste and Louis Lumiã ¨re are regularly credited with concocting the main film camera, despite the fact that others had created comparative innovations at around a similar time. What the Lumiã ¨res concocted was exceptional, be that as it may. It joined a convenient movie camera, film handling unit, and a projector called the Cinematographe. It wasâ basically a gadget with three capacities in one. The Cinematographe made movies famous. It can even be said that Lumieres innovation conceived an offspring toâ the movie era. In 1895, Lumiere and his sibling turned into the first to exhibit photographic moving pictures anticipated onto a screen for a paying crowd of more than one individual. The crowd saw ten 50-second movies, including the Lumiã ¨re brother’s first, Sortie des Usines Lumiã ¨re Lyon (Workers Leaving the Lumiã ¨re Factory in Lyon). Be that as it may, the Lumiere siblings were not the first to extend film. In 1891, the Edison organization effectively showed the Kinetoscope, which empowered each individual in turn to see moving pictures. Later in 1896, Edison indicated his improved Vitascope projector, the primary economically effective projector in the U.S. Here are a portion of the other key playersâ and milestonesâ in the historical backdrop of movies: Eadweard Muybridge San Francisco photographic artist Eadweard Muybridge led movement succession still photographic investigations and is alluded toâ as the Father of the Motion Picture, despite the fact that he didn't make films in the way in which we know themâ today. Thomas Edisons Contributions Thomas Edisons enthusiasm for films started before 1888. However, the visit of Eadweard Muybridge to the designers research facility in West Orange in February of that year positively invigorated Edisons resolve to concoct a movie camera. Though film gear has experienced exceptional changes over the span of history, 35mm film has remained the all around acknowledged film size. We owe the configuration, as it were, to Edison. Truth be told, 35mm film was once called the Edison size. George Eastman In 1889, the main business straightforward move film, culminated by Eastman and his exploration scientific expert, was put available. The accessibility of this adaptable film made conceivable the improvement of Thomas Edisons movie camera in 1891. Colorization Film Colorization was designed by Canadians Wilson Markle and Brian Hunt in 1983.â Walt Disney Mickey Mouses official birthday is November 18, 1928. That is the point at which he made his first film debut in Steamboat Willie. While this was the main Mickey Mouse animation discharged, the primary Mickey Mouse Cartoon at any point made was Plane Crazyâ in 1928 and turned into the third animation released. Walt Disneyâ invented Mickey Mouse and the multi-plane camera. Richard M. Hollingshead Richard M. Hollingshead licensed and opened the principal drive-in theater. Park-In Theatersâ opened on June 6, 1933, in Camden, New Jersey. While drive-in showings of motion pictures occurred years sooner, Hollingshead was the first to patent the concept.â â â The IMAX Movie System The IMAX framework has its underlying foundations in EXPO 67 in Montreal, Canada, where multi-screen films were the hit of the reasonable. A little gathering of Canadian movie producers and business people (Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, and Robert Kerr) who had made a portion of those well known movies chose to plan another framework utilizing a solitary, incredible projector as opposed to the unwieldy different projectors utilized around then. To extend pictures of far more prominent size and with better goals, theâ film is run on a level plane so the picture width is more prominent than the width of the film.

Exploring Music Trading :: Essays Papers

Investigating Music Trading Foundation The chronicle of unrecorded music returns longer than a century to the beginnings of sound account innovation itself. The sorted out account and exchanging of a band's live shows by dedicated fans, be that as it may, is commonly followed back to the late '60s or mid '70s. The main band which permitted and supported such movement was, obviously, the Grateful Dead. In spite of the fact that the Dead never had a genuine radio hit, they had the option to turn into the most reliably effective visiting demonstration ever in no little part by permitting their fans to record and afterward exchange (however never sell) duplicates of every one of their live shows. Both the library and music exchanging networks may end up under benefit disapproved of ambush in the present and not so distant future. When the Grateful Dead considered it a vocation in 1995 with the passing of guitarist and master Jerry Garcia, various different groups had paid heed and were copying the act of permitting crowd taping and exchanging. Noticeable among these groups were first-wave Crowd (named for an effective celebration visit) or jambands, for example, Phish and Blues Traveler. In spite of the absence of MTV or radio help, Phish figured out how to net over $20 million every year from their visits in the late '90s. The band reliably sold out scenes for multi-day runs, while MTV-accommodating groups were playing before half-full houses. While there is no genuine gauge of the quantity of visiting groups today which permit crowd taping and exchanging, an estimation would put the low end at well over a hundred (given that 80-tighten amicable groups were at the High Sierra Music Festival the previous summer, and at any rate an equivalent number were definitely not). A significant number of these groups pr esently permit, energize or start the presenting of their shows on different online destinations, for example, www.archive.org (an absolute necessity see webpage for all library types, not only for the incredible live shows contained in that), for the most part in SHN or FLAC designs, where they are accessible for nothing download to anybody with a rapid association. Given the cruel demeanor of the significant chronicle marks (as communicated through the Recording Industry Association of America's different shared claims) toward unapproved circulation of copyrighted accounts on the ground that it harms the fortunes of their craftsmen [author's note: one ought to be appropriately incredulous of any record organization cases of enthusiasm for their specialists' well being], why, at that point would groups permit the basically free conveyance of live shows?

How to Use Thank You Writing Paper

How to Use Thank You Writing PaperThank you for writing is one of the most essential skills for marketing and advertising professionals. The process of writing a thank you letter is such a simple, effective, and powerful way to make a lasting impression on your client. Because thank you letters are used as the face of the business, it is the best way to express appreciation to a client or customer.A professional thank you writing paper should be a professional thank you letter. It should express your gratitude in the most appropriate manner possible. Your thank you letter should also leave a lasting impression on your recipient.Thank you letters do not have to be written by hand, they can be printed. Thank you for writing paper comes in various styles and sizes so you can find the one that matches your budget. There are also paper weights to help you make the paper thicker or thinner. A professional thank you letter can also include a certificate of thanks or even a client's photo.A thank you letter can be placed on business cards. They can be placed on employee packages, company or office stationery, or folders. If you are going to give the client something they can sign, then you should send them a thank you card with their name and contact information. This makes it easier for them to remember your business and tell people about it.Thank you cards make great giveaways. They are unique, professional, and personal. However, you may want to use other marketing tools such as banners, bumper stickers, or even t-shirts. These marketing tools do not leave an impression on the recipient as much as an actual handwritten thank you note does. For this reason, we recommend using business cards for thank you letters.Thank you for writing paper can be inexpensively made with a scanner and computer software. It can be a graduation gift or anniversary gift, but just remember that they are not as sentimental as hand made letters. They do make great keepsakes and have a purpo se of being an added marketing tool. In addition, thank you cards are pretty cheap and can be recycled.Thank you cards are easy to make because of the abundance of templates available. You can get different sized thank you notes from your local printer. If you are thinking of sending one to a client, you can try this method: You can get the template and use it to write down your thoughts. Then, you can edit the templates to get the letter to work.Thank you for writing paper will allow you to show your gratitude, remind your recipients of your relationship, and add something extra to your marketing arsenal. In addition, thank you notes can be an affordable way to connect with your customers, show your clients how much you appreciate their business, and get you a great impression.

Describe Benefits of Art in the Society Economy, Education - 550 Words

Benefits of Art in the Society: Economy, Education, Wellbeing (Research Paper Sample) Content: name: wafula hendricklecturer: dr. kinyuakaratina university13th march 2016The benefits of arts in the societyArt is the conscious production or arrangement of sound, colors, forms, movements, or other elements in the manner that affects the sense of beauty in graphic or plastic medium ().The value of art can be viewed from an intrinsic and extrinsic point of view intrinsic being the most basic. The intrinsic value of art deals with how arts and culture illuminate our inner lives and enrich our emotional world. The extrinsic part of it entails how the art and culture adds value in our physical and social world; education system, our national status as well as our economy amongst other importance.The benefits of arts can be felt in various fields such as the national and international economy, education, society, health and wellbeing. However this has not been without gaps and missing links in the information over arts.In the national and international economy, the sub sets of art industry productive activities such book publishing, film industry, performance arts and artistic creation; discography et cetera contributes a great deal in the world economies.Studies have shown that people who regularly attend cultural place or events are likely to record good health compared to those who did not. Engagement in structured arts and culture improves the cognitive abilities of children and young people.Involvement in arts has also been associated with volunteering. In that people who take part in arts is likely to volunteer when need be than his counterpart who involve in other fields other than a...

Healthcare Ecosystems Task 1 - 958 Words

Healthcare Ecosystems Task 1 Abstract In response to the â€Å"Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (Reconciliation Act), collectively referred to as healthcare reform† (); Wishard-Eskenazi Health of Indianapolis, Indiana has begun to make milestone changes to meet the requirements of the healthcare reform. Being a leader in today’s technology which began thirty years ago with development of one of the nation’s first electronic medical record and continues to excel in the healthcare informatics technology today continues to use this technology in quality improvement initiatives, support for future technology research and improving the quality care of the patient.†¦show more content†¦Wishard-Eskenazi Health provides services in every aspect of their mission statement and much more. Advocate Wishard provides a Volunteer Advocate Program where specially selected volunteers are court appointed guardians for at-risk adults that are unable to advocate for their own health care. This program assists with a large amount of homeless or alone adults with no family to assist them in advocating their health care needs. Another program that follows under this title is the programs to assist patients without insurance to obtain some form of insurance whether it is Medicaid, Medicare or county provided insurance. Care Wishard-Eskenazi Health began a program that is titled â€Å"No One Dies Alone† and it provides volunteers to sit with a dying patient that has no family or friends. The compassion the facility places on this program allows for very caring people to be with the dying patient when the time arrives. With the new hospital opening in December 2013 patient care will enhance in providing a facility with the most updated technology and allowing compliance with government regulations. For example with the larger patient rooms the hospital is able to have every room comply with HIPAA patient privacy standards. The larger rooms will also allow for modern equipment for advanced care and will allow more processes to occur at the bedside instead of transferring the patient to another department. Teach and Serve Wishard-EskenaziShow MoreRelatedTask 1 Healthcare Ecosystems1304 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Healthcare Ecosystems - Task 1 Introduction Founded in 1841, New York University Langone Medical Center is considered one of the nation’s top health care centers. 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It can be in the form of electronic records, scan reports, printed documents, images etcetera. The sources of these records are technologies like CT scan, MRI scan, Ultrasound, ECG, Dialysis, biopsy equipment etc. The objectives of this smart approach are to make this data useful and productive for analysis and study of health patterns and create statistics. A detailed analysis can help the community to get awareness

Industrial Revolution Marks The Transition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1131 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Industrial Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Industrial revolution marks the transition where people moved from manual agriculture and production of various commodities into the use of machineries. This era resulted in enormous changes in all phases of life, that is social, economic and political, resulting in new ideologies that shaped history. These ideologies include liberalism, conservatism, and socialism which also formed a basis on the laws to be followed by people in a country and government involvement in development. In my position, the industrial revolution took the liberalism ideology which created enormous changes despite resistant from the conservatism who insisted on the status quo. Liberalism in the industrial sector also influenced economics and politics which resulted in various policies that for example led to the widening of the gap between the poor and the rich that is capitalism. This paper offers a comprehensive discussion of liberalism during the industrial revolution in Europe during the eighteenth century, using evidence to back up my arguments in this position. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Industrial Revolution Marks The Transition" essay for you Create order I sided with liberalism based on the fact that it was the major ideology at that time due to the increase in capitalism that resulted in a great gap between the poor and the rich. This ideology drew on the psychological understanding that individual liberty, the theories of natural law and utilitarianism greatly influenced progress (Hatt Ross, 1999). Individual liberty allowed people to choose their own ways of doing things despite how bad they were, in order to achieve their goals. This type of liberalism focused on total economic and civil liberty which granted people the right to sell goods, services, and labor to whoever they wanted with no restriction from the government. Liberalism which required the government to leave industrialists alone and focus on other issues such as the development of infrastructure received a lot of attention at the time of industrial revolution. The government was also required to maintain law and order and involve in controlling international factors that would have interfered with the business of industrialists. Liberalism was both political and economic which made it popular and in countries such as the Europe where it was adopted it resulted in numerous positive and negative impacts. The type of liberalism that existed during the industrial revolution was known as classical liberalism where industrialist and other rich members of the society had the upper hand in almost everything (Hatt Ross, 1999). This allowed them to accumulate a lot of wealth at the cost of the ordinary people hence increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. Increase in the cost of living was as a result of liberalism where industrialists and business people set the prices of important commodities at their own prices without consideration of key factors such as wages of the poor. Due to less government interference, these industrialists and business people paid their employees low wages which would not allow them to grow but end up spending all their savings. Many employees were not able to acquire even proper housing which resulted in the rise of slums. Low government interference also led to the abuse of workers in these industries by being forced to work for long hours under poor working conditions (Hatt Ross, 1999). The industries did not employ proper waste management programs and processes hence caused pollution in cities and other populated areas. This pollution is said to have caused numerous health issues and the depth of plants and animals living in areas around these industries. As for the rest, the filth, bris, and offal heaps, and the pools in the streets are common to both quarters, and in the district now under discussion, another feature most injurious to the cleanliness of the inhabitants, is the multitude of pigs walking about in all the alleys, rooting into the offal heaps, or kept imprisoned in small pens (Engels 1844). The government also did not come up with rules and regulations which would prohibit child labor in these industries. Moreover, due to the harsh economic times, many children were forced to work so as to help their parents in raising money for meeting various needs. Employees in these industries often ended up being fired unfairly especially after suffering injuries at work. Liberalism during the industrial revolution also aimed at industrial efficiency, where workers were just viewed as components of production. At this time, accumulating wealth was more important than equality. Though good working conditions and decent wages would motivate employees, they were viewed asa barrier to efficiency and factors that would decrease the companys profits (Hatt Ross, 1999). The development of machines which would substitute employees became a nightmare and resulted in high rates of unemployment which ended up increasing crime in the society. For example, in the textile industry, skilled textile artisans were replaced by machines which were operated by cheap unskilled people. Now, if by using a machine, we can get our coat with less labour than we got it before, the machine is a desirable thing (Cobbet 1830). Many factories and companies adopted machines and such developments helped the company save on labor and were adopted without any consideration of their impact in the society. Such actions resulted in violent demonstrations which contributed to loss of lives. Classical liberalism during the industrial revolution ushered in modern liberalism which is practiced today after numerous demonstration and push from activists for the government to intervene and exercise regulation. The period that marked this transition was also marked by the rise of the need for equality between men and women and the protection of human rights. Feminism allowed women to fight for a social, political and economic quality and gave rise to women leaders who helped secure the place of women in the society in the modern day (Hatt Ross, 1999). The need to establish and protect human rights allowed the government to ensure that industrialists and other business people did not violate their freedoms or abuse their employees. Classical liberalism had to evolve due to the negative impacts it brought into the society. Modern liberalism ushered in collectivism where people had to be treated according to their rights and freedoms. A Universal Declaration of Human rights was established that included the right to take part in government, the right to be treated equally by the law in the land, the freedom of thought and worship and the right to own property. Liberalism was seen as the best choice since it would lead to the development and transformation of the country while compared to others abroad. Countries which adopted socialism or the impact of conservatism immense found themselves adopting liberalism due to the growth and development it brought in the society. Negative impacts of liberalism that were felt in countries like the Europe ushered in modern liberalism which aimed at ensuring equality thus promoting equal and standard development.

The Salic Law - Early Germanic Law Code and Law of Royal Succession

Definition: The Salic Law was the early Germanic law code of the Salian Franks. Originally dealing primarily with criminal penalties and procedures, with some civil law included, the Salic Law evolved over the centuries, and it would later play an important role in the rules governing royal succession; specifically, it would be used in the rule barring women from inheriting the throne. In the early Middle Ages, when barbarian kingdoms were forming in the wake of the dissolution of the western Roman empire, law codes like the Breviary of Alaric were issued by royal decree. Most of these, while focusing on the Germanic subjects of the kingdom, were clearly influenced by Roman law and Christian morals. The earliest written Salic Law, which had been transmitted orally for generations, is generally free of such influences, and thus provides a valuable window into early Germanic culture. The Salic Law was first officially issued toward the end of the reign of Clovis in the early 6th century. Written in Latin, it had a list of fines for offenses ranging from petty theft to rape and murder (the only crime that would expressly result in death was if a bondsman of the king, or a leet, should carry off a free woman.) Fines for insults and practicing magic were also included. In addition to laws delineating specific penalties, there were also sections on honoring summonses, the transference of property, and migration; and there was one section on inheritance of private property that expressly barred women from inheriting land. Over the centuries, the law would be altered, systematized, and re-issued, especially under Charlemagne and his successors, who translated it into Old High German. It would apply in the lands that had been part of the Carolingian Empire, most especially in France. But it would not be directly applied to the laws of succession until the 15th century. Beginning in the 1300s, French legal scholars began attempting to provide juridical grounds to keep women from succeeding to the throne. Custom, Roman law, and the priestly aspects of kingship were used to justify this exclusion. Barring women and descent through women was especially important to the nobility of France when Edward III of England tried to lay claim to the French throne through descent on his mothers side, an action that led to the Hundred Years War. In 1410, the first recorded mention of Salic Law appeared in a treatise rebutting Henry IV of Englands claims to the the French crown. Strictly speaking, this was not a correct application of the law; the original code did not address the inheritance of titles. But in this treatise a legal precedent had been set that would thenceforward be associated with the Salic Law. In the 1500s, scholars dealing with the theory of royal power promoted the Salic Law as an essential law of France. It was used expressly to deny the candidacy for the French throne of the Spanish infanta Isabella in 1593. From then on, the Salic Law of Succession was accepted as a core legal premise, although other reasons were also given for barring women from the crown. The Salic Law was used in this context in France up until 1883. The Salic Law of Succession was by no means universally applied in Europe. England and the Scandinavian lands allowed women to rule; and Spain had no such law until the 18th century, when Philip V of the House of Bourbon introduced a less strict variation of the code (it was later repealed). But, though Queen Victoria would reign over a vast British Empire and even hold the title Empress of India, she was barred by the Salic Law from succeeding to the throne of Hanover, which was separated from Britains holdings when she became queen of England and was ruled over by her uncle. Also Known As: Lex Salica (in Latin)

Essay about Managerial Problems With The Performance...

Managerial Problems with the Performance Review Process Most employees do not look forward to performance reviews neither do managers like to give them. But in todays companies, performance reviews are a necessary tool. They are used to promote employees, to compensate for jobs well done, and most of all, to allow for the employee to know how well they perform. Due to poor performance reviews, many employees are terminated each year. Many of these terminations are contributed to poor decision making on the part of the manager performing the review.†¦show more content†¦Managers need to allow for the performance of the employee to direct their decision making on the evaluations. If someone shows improvement, the performance review should reflect this. Too many times this is not the case. Some managers seem to display the attitude of once a bad employee, always a bad employee. The third problem is that employees do not realize there is a problem until the yearly performance review. Good managers should observe the performance of the employee throughout the year and provide corrective feedback as soon as problems occur; not just once a year. If the employee is doing something that the manager finds unacceptable, and is not corrected, the employee will feel it is an acceptable action. A follow-up meeting should occur in the near future to allow the manager and employee to see how things are going after corrective feedback is given. The fourth problem is that managers are too vague about problems dealing with employees and that the employees were not really sure what to do to correct the problem. The manager must provide detailed feedback in order for the employee to correct the issue. 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Questions what organizations are doing to help managers develop the skills necessary to operate in a rapidly changing work environment. Suggests that systematic management development efforts at

Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte And The Language Of Flowers

Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà « and The Language of Flowers by Vanessa Diffenbaugh are two novels, which, despite the secular time difference, share similar characters and events. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Jane Eyre, and Diffenbaugh’s Victoria Jones face the difficulties of growing into adulthood after a childhood as orphans, however they respond differently to the events that occur in their lives. Both novels express the importance of having love, a home and family, and be forgiving. The authors have unique ways of illustrating the protagonist’s feelings and thoughts: Brontà « through the use of symbols and Diffenbaugh through the language of flowers. Tragedy struck Jane and Victoria at the age of ten. Victoria spent the first nine years of her life in different foster homes until she found Elizabeth, who taught her the Victorian language of flowers, the form of communication that she would use later in her life. The bond between Elizabeth and Victoria grew but after a year, the two had to part due to an accident. Victoria spent the rest of her childhood and adolescence at a group home, from which she was emancipated at the age of 18. She found herself a home and started to work at a flower shop, later starting her own flower business. She met Grant, who happened to be Elizabeth’s nephew and fell in love with him. Jane lived for ten years at Gateshead Hall with her uncle’s family, the Reeds. After her cruel aunt and cousins made her life miserable, they sent her to Lowood Institution, aShow MoreRelated A Comparison of Jane Eyre vs. Mary Wollstonecraft Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesJane Eyre vs. Mary Wollstonecraft    There is no doubt that Charlotte Bronte knew the works of Mary Wollstonecraft, and she knew them well. Although Wollstonecrafts ideas were written a hundred years beforehand, many women did not read her work because it was not easily attainable. 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Virtualizations and Cloud Computing

Question: Discuss about the DSI implementation of cloud computing in their organization. Answer: Introduction This study discusses about DSI implementation of cloud computing in their organization. SLA and Technical Management are those two assessments that need to be done for Department of Spatial Information. The report consists of an evaluation of SLA management and other management requirements which will be provided to the DSI executive management. The document explains about various aspects of the required service level agreement management, remote administration, and resource management. The report that has been presented here tells about why backup plan and disaster recovery is important and what their needs are in cloud computing. The presented document also discusses about the SLA assessment based on Erls guidelines, their need in an organization or with the service provider and their impact on them. Detailed discussion on the requirements of Resource Management, SLA Management, and Remote Administration Resource Management: Once the information technology reaches constant success with RM (Resource Management), then it enhances their processes and tools and extends their advantages across other organizations. In general, we can understand that a resource management is defined as a process to utilize the company resources in the best possible way or we can say that RM (Resource Management) is an effective and efficient development of a firm's resources whenever they are needed (Manvi Shyam, 2014). The main objective of the RM (Resource management) is to manage and customize the available resource that is required. In a big firm or organization, they usually have a pre defined Corporate RM (Resource Management) process which ensures that a resource is not overloaded with allotments across some tasks. An effective resource management is always the highest priority for all the individual service executives those who are looking to improve their customer satisfaction level, enhance the billable utilization and optimizing the profits margins. Resource management deals with the estimation of cost and effective and active utilization of resources in an organization (Lee Zomaya, 2012). It is required to gain control and visibility, to improve the productivity and efficiency. Moreover, it is required for both dealing with resource contention and prevention of a released resource when a process or task has completed using it. Remote Administration: The Remote Administration refers to a system process that gives us a user-interface and right tools for outer cloud resource administrators to administer and configure cloud based information technology resources (Bhatt Choksi, 2013). It provides the Department of Spatial information with a user-interface where they can access to various management and administration features of different underlying systems which include billing management systems, service level agreement, and resource management. Figure 1: Remote Administration System (Source: Ramachandran et al., 2015, pp. 76) With remote administration system we can create two major types of portals that are: Usage and Administration: It is a general portal that is used for the purpose of control the various cloud based information technology resources and can provide reports of their usages. Self Service Portal: It is a kind of self help portal where users need to update their list of IT resources and cloud services which are available from a cloud service provider. To clear the described concept of self-service portal a figure has been included below. Figure 2: Remote administrator using a Self-service portal (Source: Baucke et al., 2015, pp. 43) Once the remote administration system is implemented then DSI can access and control some administrative tools. Remote administration is not a new concept in information technology; various organizations have looked to develop remote administration for troubleshooting various issues using it. It is a support multiple platforms. It provides different APIs and tools through which the selected vendors can customize and develop many online portals (Hernacki et al., 2012). The main goal is to provide a better service experiences to their customers. There are some tools that can be operated by DSI once the implementation of RMS (remote administration system) is completed. Service Level Agreement Management: The SLA management is a documented contract that refers to specific terms and conditions which are presented in a paper format between the service buyer and service provider. The document itself explains that of what kind of service will the vendor provide and what will be the action taken for the service provider in case if he fails to deliver what they promise (Wu Buyya, 2012). The service level agreement will increase the customer trust towards the vendor regarding capabilities and reliability. The SLA is required to define the responsibilities between the vendor and customer. The vendor service can be terminated if in a case of violation of SLS guarantees. The discounting policies and service costing will be applied when the service is not satisfied as discussed in the service level agreement (Marudhadevi et al., 2014). The SLA should support the service level agreement life cycle. The SLA management needs interactions among various processes. Figure 3: Service Level Management (Source: Torkashvan Haghighi, 2012, pp. 580) Department of Spatial information has chosen a Hybrid cloud based computing solution, and the vendor needs to meet and maintain the service level agreement while implementing the cloud solution in their organization. The SLA provides extra protection into the process of data hosting services and traditional computing. The main purpose of having the service level agreement is to ensure that the service provider provides the high quality product or service or as mentioned in the contract document to an organization (Pasala et al., 2014). The SLA guidelines need to be crystal clear as it can come into handy after many years if any issue arises between the service provider and the customer. Everything has to be updated in the guidelines before a final contract is made between made. Discussion on Considering Disaster Recovery, Data Backup, and Resilience Disaster Recovery and Data Backup: The purpose of disaster recovery is to protection or security plan to protect Department of Spatial information from any threats. It does involve a set of procedure and policies which help the organization to recover from various disasters such as human-induced and natural disaster. The disaster recovery completely focuses on the information technology a system that supports significant business functionalities by keeping the required business functionalities and removing the threats from the system. DSI needs to check if their service provider has a good disaster recovery plan or not because it is very much essential for DSI in the case of any serious failure in the system (Nicolini et al., 2015). Figure 4: General Disaster Recovery Design (Source: Sahebjamnia et al., 2015, pp. 265) Data backup is a process where it copies and archives the data of a system. It is also used for restoring the original file or data. The data backup is a significant aspect of a cloud computing process; for an example if a user needs to work on their next project and suddenly the hard disk got crashed then it becomes hard to perform the next task. The Data backup service is really important as they cover various functionalities such as data protection, availability of remote data, security and compliance, server performance, etc. The data backup plan or strategy always begins with DR (Data repository) model. It is important that DSI needs to check with the service provider if they have a proven data backup plan. The data backup is much faster and better when compare to disaster recovery. As data backup has a high data retention period, compare to disaster recovery. There are some key objectives that need to be considered to reduce the risks of losing data or another kind of disasters in the system. It decreases the delay of risk, do a right time data back up and securing the data even before the disaster happens. Resilience: Resiliency refers to an ability of a storage system, server, a whole data center or network that helps to recover faster. It has become a most important part of an organization. The main aspect of resilience is that it does operate when there is a power outage, system failure or other disruption. The organization, in this case, DSI should address the resilience methods before they implement the Hybrid cloud based solution in their organization (Diez Silva, 2014). The resilience is obtained by using inner components or system or by enabling the data center. The resilience procedures that are obtained in a data center can change with the significant of the respective load of work. When the planning is presented, it should propose and include the resiliency to link up an emergency plan and the data center for DR (Disaster Recovery). Erls SLA guidelines to assess the Service Level Agreement Department of spatial information has chosen IaaS based solution to implement the Hybrid cloud model in their organization. The service level agreement is a contract that is documented between the service provider and DSI. There are various journals and articles that do not agree that SLAs is much important. The service level agreement serves Department of spatial information with both guarantee and outline for distributed cloud computing. The SLA helps DSI to improve their service quality to manage their nonviolent techniques and infrastructure of the BRM (Business Relationship Management). The service level guidelines has to be updated on regular bases as soon as any changes are implemented, and the service provider is responsible to updated it before having a contract with DSI. Cloud computing is implemented in many organization because it is easy to access and operate the data using a same cloud computing network from any location in this world. In the guidelines, the new terms f or technology need to be introduced, so that is no more confusion at the time of final contract. The SLA has to be understood clearly by both the parties to avoid any future disruptions between them. Conclusion The report discusses management and technical assessments of service level agreement for DSI The cloud computing has been the latest technology that most of the organizations are looking to implement. DSI has also selected IaaS method to implement the Hybrid cloud based solution in their organization. The report describes about disaster recovery, data backup and resilience and its various characteristics in information technology system. The reports discuss importance of service level agreement and why it is so important for both DSI and the service provider. The report brief that SLA is very important to increase the trust of customers for the service provider, and for DSI it is important to understand what kind of service they will get, and what action should be taken against the service provider if they fail to meet the requirements in the given SLA. References Baucke, S., Kempf, J., Ben Ali, R., Ramachandran, A., Seetharaman, S. (2015, November). Cloud API support for self-service Virtual Network Function (VNF) deployment. In Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Network (NFV-SDN), 2015 IEEE Conference on (pp. 40-46). IEEE. Bhatt, R., Choksi, D. B. (2013). A Comparative Evaluation of Remote Administration Tools. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 4(4). Diez, O., Silva, A. (2014). Resilience of cloud computing in critical systems. Quality and Reliability Engineering International, 30(3), 397-412. Hernacki, B., Satish, S., Brown, T. G. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,176,562. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Lee, Y. C., Zomaya, A. Y. (2012). Energy efficient utilization of resources in cloud computing systems. The Journal of Supercomputing, 60(2), 268-280. Manvi, S. S., Shyam, G. K. (2014). Resource management for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) in cloud computing: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 41, 424-440. Marudhadevi, D., Dhatchayani, V. N., Sriram, V. S. (2014). A Trust Evaluation Model for Cloud Computing Using Service Level Agreement. The Computer Journal, bxu129. Nicolini, M. J., Wildes, R. A., Slawsky, J. E., Sabjan, C. A., Alexander, J. W., Freiheit, K., ... Gregory, R. D. I. (2015). U.S. Patent No. 9,122,711. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Pasala, A., Bose, S. K., Malaiyandisamy, G., Jayaram, S. M. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,745,216. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Phillips, B. D. (2015). Disaster recovery. CRC press. Ramachandran, M., Chang, V., Li, C. S. (2015, January). The improved cloud computing adoption framework to deliver secure services. In Proceedings of ESaaSA 2015-2nd International Workshop on Emerging Software as a Service and Analytics, In conjuction with the 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science-CLOSER 2015 (pp. 73-79). Scitepress. Sahebjamnia, N., Torabi, S. A., Mansouri, S. A. (2015). Integrated business continuity and disaster recovery planning: Towards organizational resilience. European Journal of Operational Research, 242(1), 261-273. Torkashvan, M., Haghighi, H. (2012, November). Cslam: a framework for cloud service level agreement management based on WSLA. In Telecommunications (IST), 2012 Sixth International Symposium on (pp. 577-585). IEEE. Wu, L., Buyya, R. (2012). Service Level Agreement (SLA) in utility computing systems. IGI Global.

U.S.- Japan Trade free essay sample

Examines conflicts, economic political environments, strategies, exchange rates, Clintons New Economic Partnership, barriers to American exports, foreign investment, export subsidies and more. Includes a chart. Introduction There has been much publicity surrounding trade practices within Japan, particularly with regard to that nations trade with the United States. Japan is one of the United States major trading partners, and the various regulations and policies which the two countries pursue are critical to the long-term success of this relationship. Amid cries of protectionism and similar complaints, there has been increasing pressure on the Japanese to open their markets to American products and companies, while the Japanese assert that the technically inferior American products are simply not in demand in Japan. This research examines the current trade relationships that exist between the United States and Japan, and considers the opportunities for American companies seeking to do business in Japan.

Essay Topics For the Outsiders - A Great Way to Express Your Thoughts

Essay Topics For the Outsiders - A Great Way to Express Your ThoughtsIf you are a new college student and you have never considered writing essays for the outsiders, then you should reconsider your views. Not all university students think that it is an easy task to write essays for outsiders but no doubt if you put in some efforts and concentration, it can be as easy as any other subjects. On the other hand, you cannot expect the best grades and the best results if you do not try your best on essay writing for outsiders.First of all, before writing anything, you should know that it is a difficult subject to write and English is the common language of most people who have different level of education. In fact, many people who belong to different country may have different level of English as per their background. Hence, if you take this factor into consideration, it becomes easy for you to write about subjects of diverse world.Now, let us consider what types of essay topics for the ou tsiders can do for you. The main idea behind this kind of essay is to communicate the various points in the article in a clear manner. This can help you in getting the right student rating and it also makes it easy for you to get work in prestigious organizations or institutions. This can even improve your future career.There are a number of essay topics for the outsiders that are available in the internet. You can even learn how to write such topics from the sources mentioned on the Internet. Once you become skilled enough, you can have more chances of getting work in the future. But, it is important to have proper information regarding the subject to make it easier for you to understand.For instance, it is quite easy to find online material about the subject of Oceanography, but if you have no clue about the subject, then you cannot expect the best results from your work. So, do not just get information about a subject from your favorite site but from the most popular website that provide information about the subject. It will also make you aware about the different techniques that you need to adopt while writing an essay topic for outsiders.Essay topics for the outsiders are available in different formats. You can find material that is in the form of lecture notes that can be used as a source while preparing the essay. Some material also has an English translation and can be used as your references while preparing the essay.If you do not know the English language, then it is important for you to get professional help. Get yourself a tutor or a qualified writer so that you can be well versed with the subject matter. This will make you flexible and will give you the freedom to create various combinations for your essay topics for outsiders.Practice the subject matter with proper grammar, syntax and punctuation. Even after learning it, you will face problems in writing the topic and this is when you need the help of someone. You can search online for someone w ho is good in English and learn from them the necessary techniques.

What About Gloria Steinem free essay sample

II Early Life a. Her father, Leo Steinem, was a traveling antique dealer and her mother, Ruth Steinem, was a reporter for a newspaper called the â€Å"Toledo Blade†, their hometown newspaper. b. Some of her influences were her parents, a few feminists, and her trip to India. c. Her and her sister Susanne moved around a lot and couldn’t go to regular school, so their mother gave them daily lessons. d. She sold her ideas and articles to many magazines and was slowly getting a reputation as a free-lance reporter. e. She was hired by Show magazine to work as a playboy bunny undercover at Hugh Hefner’s Playboy Club. III Qualities and Description of Person a. She is an independent , hardworking, dedicated person, who didn’t get married till the age 63 because she didn’t want to give her independence to a man b. Because of her independence she became one of the leading voices for women’s rights because she wanted equal pay in the work place. We will write a custom essay sample on What About Gloria Steinem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page c. It was her expose on the playboy bunny club, which was later turned into a movie called â€Å"A Bunny’s Tale†, which added to her fame. IV Contribution to Society a. She is a famous woman’s rights activist because she wanted the same equal rights as men. b. She thought that a way to make society better for women was, as I said before, she wanted the same equal rights as men. c. She helped shaped women’s rights by not stopping till we had the same rights as men. V Conclusion a. I learned because of her, we now have equal pay in the work place and when we get married we don’t have to give our land to our husband, like we had to when Gloria was a kid. b. I want everybody to remember that because of people like her this world, we live in wouldn’t be like it is if she wasn’t born. Report Gloria Marie Steinem was born on March 25, 1934 in Toledo, Ohio. She was a feminist leader, writer, American journalist, and the very first editor of Ms. Magazine. She is currently 76 and is still traveling, writing, and lecturing as much as and like she did 34 years ago. In 1977 she was awarded a Woodrow Wilson Scholarship to study feminism. She also received a Penney-Missouri Journalism award, the Front page and Clarion awards and many more. Gloria’s father, Leo Steinem, was a traveling antique dealer and her mother, Ruth Steinem, was a reporter for a newspaper called the Toledo Blade, their hometown paper. Years later, Ruth suffered from mental illness because she felt lonely when her husband traveled and from the disappointment of having to give up her job. It was too much for Leo, he got divorced and moved to California but still sent a meager pay to Gloria and her mom. Gloria made all the meals, went grocery shopping, and kept the house in shape with little or no help from her mom. A few influences of hers are her parents, other feminist, and her trip to India. Since her and her family moved and lived in a dome-topped trailer and couldn’t go to regular school, she and her sister, Susanne, were given daily lessons by their mother. She sold her ideas and articles to many magazines and was slowly getting a reputation as a free lance reporter. She was hired by Show magazine to work as a playboy bunny undercover at Hugh Hefner’s Playboy Club. She is an independent, hardworking, dedicating person, who didn’t get married till the age 63 because she didn’t want to give her independence to a man. Because of her independence she became one of the leading voices in woman’s rights. It was her expose on the playboy bunny club, which was later turned into a movie called the â€Å"Bunny’s Tale†, which added to her fame. She is a famous women’s rights activist for two reasons: She wanted equal pay and she didn’t want to have to give her property to her husband, basically the same equal rights as men. She thought a way to make society better for women, like I said before, was having the same equal rights as men. She helped society by not stopping or giving up till we had the same rights as men.

Vandalistic Behavior,Bullying and Violence on Campus Essay Example

Vandalistic Behavior,Bullying and Violence on Campus Essay Example Vandalistic Behavior,Bullying and Violence on Campus Essay Vandalistic Behavior,Bullying and Violence on Campus Essay Abstract American Campus was and is usually idealized to be a sanctum for academic study. However, beneath the semblance of peaceful ivory tower, American campus nowadays is on and off plagued by an alloy of miscellaneous violence which has increasingly become a serous social problem. On the one hand, violence is taking place on American campus on a more frequent basis, and on the other hand, the way the violence is committed tends to be crueler, more violent and traumatically hurtful. In view of the increasingly worsening situation, it would be of enormous significance o look into the nature and scope of current violence on American campus and reveal the root causes for campus violence. This thesis presents the vandalistic behavior, bullying, sexual violence, hate violence, and mass murder as the typical violence typology on campus. According to the social learning theory, violence is interpreted as an outcome of students appropriating from their environments and popular culture aggressive behavior. Drawing upon the social learning theory, this thesis looks into a complex set of social factors that give rise to campus violence in the U. S. including the violence cult, gun ownership, and social tension factors such as racism, sexism and religious conflicts. Despite decades- long efforts taken by American society to combat violence, the adverse trend has not yet been reversed, or is likely to be in the foreseeable future. The underlying reason in that respect lies in some cultural, political and social forces deep-rooted in the American culture, which make the campus violence disease determinedly intractable, or even ineradicable. In this sense, to understand campus violence is in fact to understand American culture and society. Key words: Campus Violence, Social Learning Theory, American Society, Causes and Typology Behaviors. Shooting. ? Campus Violence.. . 16 2. 2. 2 Violence on Mass Media. Campus. Tension.. ? RootsContents American Campus Violence: an Overview. 5 1 1 1 Chapter One . 5 1. 2 Campus Violence .. 7 1. 2. 1 Vandalistic .. 8 1. 2. 2 .. 8 1. 2. sexual .. 9 1. 2. 4 Hate .. 10 1. 2. 5 Mass Murder/ .. 11 1. 3 Summary .. 12 Chapter Two Causes of 14 2. 1 The Theories on .. 14 2. 2 Violence . 16 2. 2. 1 Violence Cult in American .. 18 2. 2. 3 Violence cult on .. 20 2. 3 social .. 22 2. 3. 1 .. 252. 3. 3 .. 27 2. 4 Easy Access to . . 29 Chapter Three The Intractable Nature Gun.. of Campus Violence.. 33 3. 1 Cultural Legacy: Radical Individualism. 33 3. 2 Political Clout: Pro-Gun Interest Group. 6 3. 3 Social Institution: Escalated Social Conclusion. Bibliography. ? .. 421 Introduction For many years, c ollege campuses have been viewed as an ivory tower that is insulated from violence. In actual fact, however, the notion of the campus as a crime- free oasis is a myth, as in the case of the United States. Not only does violence or crime at large affect schools and colleges themselves in America, but in some respects its campuses have become fertile ground for violent or criminal behaviors that permeate beyond campus. The sharp escalation of youth violence from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s led to the descriptions of it as unprecedented (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1992), as epidemic (Tolmas, 1998: 483-492; U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001), and ubiquitous (Tolan, 2001), respectively. In 2005, the FBI declared 2,712 known violent crimes in the universities and colleges across all states. According to the estimates by the Department of Justice, the number of Juveniles arrested for violent crimes will double by the year 2010(Snyder Sickmund, 2006: 1 11). With the escalation of campus violence, many scholars have made great efforts to study the problem from different perspectives. Deanna C. Linville, for example, examines how extracurricular activities, such as participation in non-school clubs, religious activities, exercise frequency and number of sports team memberships relate to rural youth violence (2005: 483-492). Ann Bellotti attributes the etiology of violence in the college and university setting to beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors which may predispose, enable, and reinforce violence (1995: 105-123). Thomas W. Farmer and Elizabeth M. Z. Farmer suggest that aggression and school violence involve the contributions of both school social dynamics and the evelopmental histories of youth who are at risk for involvement in antisocial behavior (2004: 377-396). In these earlier studies on campus violence, there is a tendency to define the scope of the problem of campus violence narrowly, and this is likely to impede the understanding of the phenomenon and its dimensions, and compromises efforts to respond to it. In reaction to such limitation in previous studies, this thesis puts forward an integrated definition of campus violence by encompassing2 not only the violence resulting in physical harm but also the psychological or emotional trauma caused by it. Apart from putting forth an expanded definition to guide a comprehensive recognition of the problem of campus violence, this thesis draws upon the social learning theory to examine and analyze campus violence in the United States from the social, historical and cultural perspectives. In Chapter One, the author points out the conventional definition of campus violence which focuses on the visible physical harm produced by violence but neglects the psychological harm. Moreover, the usual definition ignores the thesis puts forth a more integrated definition of campus violence, and based on the efinition, presents hate and sexual violence that are driven by racism and sexism in society. Apart from that, campus bullying and mass shooting are two types of campus violence that have come to the forefront of the publics attention. Chapter Two proceeds to probe into the social factors that give rise to campus violence. Drawing upon the social learning theory, the thesis emphasizes that the social and cultural environment where a person is exposed to plays an influencing part in a persons behavior. Campus is a microcosm of society at large and the violence cult of America constitutes the fundamental cause of American campus violence. In At Zero Tolerance, Ronnie Casella concluded the cause of violence as follows: The United States has yet to view violence as an outcome of a national history that has been violent, of an economic system that creates the social isolation and hopelessness that causes some violence, and a culture that has come to accept and even prosper from everyday forms of aggression against the less powerful in the world. Unfortunately, this context of violence is not even recognized until it is the white and middle-class kids who become embroiled in the mayhem (2001:37). 3 However, the origins of violence lie in a complex set of influence. No single factor can provide the definitive answer to the question of why students commit violence so often and so casually. In addition to the violence cult, other social factors contributing campus violence need to be taken into account. A sample of 222 African American, Mexican American, or European American undergraduate students completed questionnaires as sessing lifetime exposure to interpersonal violence and current levels of psychological distress. The frequency of interpersonal violence was high: 39. 2% of the students reported direct exposure to at least one violent, nonsexual life event and 43. % reported at least one violent sexual experience. 14% of the participants had lifetime diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder, with the highest reported rate occurring for the African Americans, who also reported more violent sexual and nonsexual experiences and higher levels of psychological distress. Women reported more direct sexual experiences whereas men reported more nonsexual violent events (Satcher, 2001 : 7). Given that the respondents who had been victimized all came from minority groups, and that the female respondents were the easy targets of sexual violence, this sample indicates that racism and sexism are still irectly or indirectly causing campus violence. Moreover, the campus simply reflects the greater problem in society, where firearms are used in 60% of homicides, 41 % of robberies, 23 % of aggravated assaults, and 10 % of rapes (Espelage Swearer, 2003: 365-383). The easy access to gun is another factor that facilitates the prevalence of campus violence. Chapter Three looks into the forces deep-rooted in American society that makes the eradication of violence on campus difficult or even impossible. This is approached from three aspects: cultural, political and social. First, the thesis argues that ndividualism, as a highly lauded cultural legacy of the nation, bestows excessive freedom to the individuals. Secondly, with the gun interest group pursuing lucrative profits and backing up the gun ownership, gun acquisition wont be restricted within a short time soon. Finally, as the social tension resulting from the racial, sexual as to remain unchanged in a foreseeable future. As campus violence worsens off, it is worth attention and serious research work by related scholars and campus authority. This paper is a tentative attempt in this direction, intended to shed some light on the study of American campus violence. Chapter One American Campus Violence: an Overview 1. 1 Definition Campus violence has been present on American campus ever since the existence of campus and it has become one of the trickiest and the most serious issues in American society. Each year the boundaries of violence extend. Many scholars have studied the subject and formulated their own versions of definition for campus violence. The concept of violence literally means physical force used to inflict injury or damage. It connotes an intense manifestation of strength, usually involving some severe physical effects. As Gerald Priestland says, he essence of violence is that physical power is deliberately employed, with the ultimate sanction of physical pain, and little choice but surrender or physical resistance(1974: 19). And the archetypal act of violencethe image that we are likely to have of it-is something like punching someone on the nose, or stabbing them, or beating them. Accordingly, campus violence is conventionally defined as the use of force, often extreme physical force, by a student toward other people or himself/herself that results in harm. Berg defined violence in the campus setting as the use or threat of physical force with the ntent of causing physical injury, damage or intimidation of another person (2000:18). However, this kind of definition omits two critical elements of harm. First, it excludes the emotional and psychological pain that results from dominance of some over others. Violence on todays campus is more insidious, invisible, and psychologically harmful and can be done in a more explicitly civilized manner. Without sustaining actual physical force, one can still fall easy prey to violence, such as the tacit violence, discriminatory trauma and psychological abuse; second, the said definition ignores the violence of social process that produces ystematic social injury, such as that perpetuated through institutionalized racism and sexism. According to the theory of social learning initiated by Albert Bandura, individuals imitate as well as interpret and6 interact with the message of society. [P]eople are not simply reactors to external influences; they select, organize, and transform the stimuli that impinge upon them(1977: 89). In the case of campus violence, people living in an environment that prescribes certain violence standards or practice as normative will be nurtured to accept and come to terms with these acquiesced practices of violence. It should be noted that both racial and sexual violence are not rare across American campus. The implicitly rampant racism, sexism and religious discrimination in society result in hate violence with regard to race, sexuality and religion. The hate violence tends to exert on individuals or groups adverse psychological or mental impact, which might be more harmful than physical harms. For example, gender discrimination has been shown to create harmful effects on female students learning experience. When a teacher favors male students over females, because of the formers seemingly extroverted classroom participation, they eelings of inadequacy, anger, and long-term depression. As a result, the conventional definition of campus violence neglects harmful institutionalized social and educational processes, including acts and processes of institutionalized racism or sexism, other discrimination, labeling and tracking, sexual harassment, and predation (Henry, 1999: 18). Based on this analysis, when enumerating the concrete violent acts on campus, it is not adequate to assume that physical violence such as shoving, pinching, hitting, fghting, or aggravated assault cover the whole spectrum of ampus violence to the neglect of such hidden violence as verbal and psychological abuse, racially, sexually and religiously driven hate crimes that produce psychological harms other than physical injuries. Moreover, it should be noted that the exercise of the power to harm, as mentioned earlier, can also be accomplished by such factors as sexism, ageism and racism. The overlook of these broader dimensions of campus violence causes the missing of much of the content and many causes of violence on campus. In order to have a7 more accurate concept of campus violence, a more integrated definition of campus iolence is necessary. A more accurate and integrated definition should first of all replace the term force with power and by suggesting that violence is the use of power to harm another, whatever form that takes. So, the key point here is the use of power and the harm it causes when applied in a wrong way. Power is easy to understand. When broadly defined, it means the capacity to bring about change. It takes many forms, comes from many places and is measured in many ways. What is more difficult is how to define harm. What is harm? Harm, when narrowly conceived, is physical pain and suffering. But an expansive view says harm can also occur along many dimensions, beyond the physical, to include psychological or emotional; material or economic; social or identity; moral or ethical. For example, physical harms produce bodily pain or loss; material harms remove some of the persons economic standing; psychological harms have destructive effects on the human mind and weaken a persons emotional or mental functioning; social and symbolic harms lower a persons social status; moral or ethical harms corrupt standards of concern for the well-being of others (as in hate, pressure to cheat, and the like). With the inclusion of ocial practices as factors contributing to violence and the expansion on the resultant harm from violence, this thesis defines campus violence as the intentional use of power, threatened or actual, by some individual, or social process, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development, or deprivation. Based on this definition, the next section will put forward the representative typology of campus violence that merit attention by campus authority and U. S. government. 8 1. 2 Campus Violence Typology Based on the more integrated definition of campus violence as stated above, we can distinguish five modes in which violence may be inflicted: Vandalistic Behavior; Bullying; Hate Crime; Sexual Violence; Mass Murder/Shooting. 1. 2. 1 Vandalistic Behaviors Vandalistic behavior refers to the willful or malicious damage to school grounds and produce either explicit or implicit physical violence, bloody scene or violent confrontation between the youth, it is likely to cause psychological trauma on the targets. Specific examples for school vandalism include glass breakage, graffiti, and general property destruction. In the U. S. , these behaviors might be the external embodiment of anti-Semitism, one of the main motivations for the vandalistic behavior on campus. Nazi-related graffiti, such as the swastika, are more often than not found painted on the campus property to remind the Jews of the painful past. There has also been defacement done to numerous campus areas, such as the bobcat face, newly paved sidewalks and commuters cars. In other case of vandalism, it is found that students smear petroleum Jelly on the schools windows, throw birdseed and flour against the windows, dump paper in a courtyard and shot the uilding with paintballs. Arson also qualifies as vandalistic behavior due to its intention. According to the U. S. Department of Education (n. d. ), there were 1,098 cases of campus arson reported in 2002 Ooetta L. Carr, 2005: 9). Over the past two decades, concerns about school violence, weapons, drugs, and gangs have eclipsed apprehension and discussion about school vandalism, its causes, and possible responses. However, the alarming fact is that vandalistic behavior continues to occur regularly and to affect a significant proportion of U. S. campus. 1. 2. 2 sullytngg Bullying refers to unprovoked physical or psychological abuse of an individual by one or a group of students over time to create an ongoing pattern of harassment and abuse (Batsche Knoff, 1994:165-174; Hoover, Oliver, Thomson, 1993; Olweus, 1991:143-150). It is among the largely neglected aspect of low-level American campus violence. Not only does bullying produce physical harm, it also results in psychological detriments. Bullying usually takes place when there is an imbalance of power between aggressor and victim, and moreover, the aggressive acts are deliberate and repeated (Farrington 1993; Olweus, 1993; Smith Sharp, 1994). Although bullying is largely neglected, its occurrence frequency and coverage are both higher than other high-level campus violence. Bullying victimization is estimated to affect 15% to 20% of the U. S. tudent population, with verbal teasing and intimidation being the most common form and boys are reported to be victims at a higher rate than girls (Furlong, Chung, Bates, Morrison, 1995:289-298). Students grow up and leave school-including those mean kids of long ago, but in a certain sense the bully never actually grows up; he or she still bullies, harasses, and intimidates others. Little has changed over the years in this regard, with the possible exception that things may have gotten i mmeasurably worse-especially within the context of schooling. The gang is a cause that leads to campus bullying. Like any group of people who engage in socially disruptive or criminal behavior, gangs on campus create an atmosphere of fear and intimidation. To a certain extent, the campus has become a breeding ground for gang, and the Juvenile and young adults associate together to victimize, bully and intimidate school members, carry out antisocial activities, such as omb-making, satanic websites visiting. The presence of the gang on campus undermines the campus climate to a great extent and accordingly, exerts negative 1. 2. Sexual Violence10 The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women defines violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. Kilmartin observes, [R]ape and other par tner iolence are the worst symptom of a larger problem: a continuum of disrespect toward women. This continuum includes mens display of negative attitudes through misogynist Jokes, demeaning pornography nd runs to the most extreme form of violence: gender motivated murder. Such an analysis also emphasizes power imbalances between the sexes and the social forces that create and maintain these imbalances. (2007: 23) In a country like the United States which finds sexism so prevailing in peoples mentality, sexual violence is not rare on American campus. It mainly includes sexual assault, stalking and dating violence. College campuses host large concentrations of young women who are at greater risk for rape and other forms of sexual assault than women in the general population or in a comparable age group. Stalking is particularly prevalent on college campuses; in fact, more than half of all stalking victims are between 18-29 years old, and 13% of college women have been stalked. In 1981 , Makepeace published the first report on dating violence, revealing that one in five college couples are involved in violent relationships. Recent studies show that as many as one in three college couples will be involved in at least one incident of iolence during the course of their dating relationship (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000; Lewis Fremouw, 2001:8(:)-84). 1. 2. Hate Violence Hate violence and its resultant victimization are becoming more prominent on Americas college campuses. Also known as bias-motivated violence, hate violence occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her membership in al 1 certain social group, usually defined by racial group, religion, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, or political affiliation and a s a result, it is evealed that sexism, racism, anti-Semitism, anti-lslamism and homosexuality have all induced and would continue to trigger off the occurrence of hate crime, which can take many forms. Incidents may involve physical assault, damage to property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or offensive graffiti or letters. They occur at virtually every type of college and university and in every part of the nation. Perpetrators of these incidents include current and former students and non- students. According to criminologist Dr. Jack McDevitt, hate crime is different from ther crimes in that the offender is sending a message to members of a certain group that they are unwelcome in a particular neighborhood, community, school, or workplace. By far the largest determinant of hate crimes is racial bias, with the group of African Americans at greatest risk. Apart from the hate crime against the Black Americans, there are ones committed against Hispanics, because of their immigration status. 1. 2. 5 Mass Murder/Shooting The April 2007 massacre of 32 victims on the otherwise bucolic campus of Virginia America. Not only was it the most devastating violent episode ever to occur at an nstitution of higher learning, it was the largest mass shooting of any kind in the nations history. Gun violence is the lethal form of campus violence. According to a recent national survey of 26,000 college students on 61 campuses, 7% of the students carried a gun or knife on the previous days. The study indicated that 11% of the men and 4% women surveyed carried weapons. Extrapolated, this means that approximately 1 million (to be exact, 980,000) students carry weapons on campus. 18% of high school students now carry a knife, razor, firearm, or other weapon on a regular basis, and 9% of them take a weapon to school. According to a national survey of 26,000 college students on 61 campuses in 1992, 7% of students carried a12 gun or knife. The outcome of such a heavily armed students group has been severe. In 1992, for example, 5,262 young people died from gunshot wounds, and an estimated 23,167 students suffered nonfatal firearm injuries that were treated in hospital emergency rooms from June 1992 through May 1993 dames Mercy Mark Rosenberg, 1998). 1. 3 Summary As demonstrated above, the most common campus violence takes forms of Vandalistic Behavior; Bullying; Hate Crime; Sexual Violence; Mass Murder/Shooting. Violence accounts for much of the morbidity and mortality among adolescents in the United States (National Center for Health Statistics, 2003). All the five types of violence are pervasive on American campuses. It was estimated that bullying victimization is calculated to affect 15% to 20% of the U. S. student population, with verbal teasing and intimidation being the most common form and boys reported to be victims at a higher rate than girls (Furlong, Chung, Bates, Morrison, 1995: 289-298). In the year of 1995, the Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a study specific to the problem of hate crimes on the college campus. The study included 450 higher education institutions from 40 states. Of the 450 institutions surveyed, 222 or 49% reported an incident of a hate crime. It has been estimated that almost one million college students experience racially or ethnically motivated violence annually. In a study of 1 ,012 racially, ethnically, and socio-economically diverse students enrolled in various campus in Los Angeles, OKeefe found that violence in dating relationships was a frequent occurrence: 43% of the females and 39% of the males reported that they had inflicted some form of physical aggression on their dating partners at least nce (1997: 546-568). Unfortunately, current epidemiological reports suggest that this form of violence is on the rise. Between 1994 and 1999, there were 220 school- associated violent events resulting in 253 deaths?74. 5% of these involved firearms. Handguns caused almost 60% of these deaths. Oournal of American Medical Association, December 2001). 13 Such pervasive violence on campus brings about detrimental consequences. School violence has been reported as one of the most important and devastating social problems facing school children and their parents, to the extent that students erceive their school context as an unsafe environment (Astor and Meyer, 2001 : 374-399). It is recognized that disruptive behaviors on campus interferes with not only teaching, but also diminishes ability to focus on academic pursuits. The fears experience psychological reactions that interfere with the learning process (American Association of University Women, 2001)14 Chapter Two Causes of Campus Violence In the previous one, this thesis puts forth a more integrated definition of campus violence vis-? ¤-vis the conventional definition that ignores the psychological facet. Based on such a broader definition, Chapter Two will adopt corresponding theories and probe into the social factors that give rise to the campus violence in American society. 2. 1 The Theories on Violence There are as many theories of violence as there are forms of violence, and these theories have been discussed in exhaustive detail in a number of books and articles. Briefly speaking, theories of violence fall into several categories. 1) Social learning theory interprets violence as learned behavior, an outcome of students appropriating from their environments and popular culture aggressive behavior and hen considering violence as norm which they replicate in their own interaction with others (David Johnson Roger Johnson, 1995). (2) Rational choice theories identifies poor reasoning skills as the cause of violence, in which case, individuals weigh the consequences of a violent crime against the possible benefits and make the rational choice to be violent-in a sense, individuals det ermine that crime pays( Jeffrey Fagan Deanna L. Wilkinson, 1998). 3) Structural theories of violence that focuses on social and environmental conditions such as poverty. Here, violence is viewed as a systemic roblem having to do with inequities in the world and a general breakdown of relations between people, which leads to social isolation, frustration, and aggression (Frederic Thrasher, 1927). (4) Biological theories focus on medical conditions and biolol gical traits of violent offenders and have roots in eugenic explanations of criminal behavior, where criminal tendencies are identified in peoples physical and psychological stigmata ?essentially, in a persons natural makeup (David Green, 1985). 5) Interactionist theory incorporates some combination of social learning and tructural theories and view violence in connection to how peoplel 5 make sense and interpret their experiences and circumstances (Brandley Levinson, Douglas Foley, Dorothy Holland, 1996). Although these theori es on violence make sense in one way or another, social learning theory has been at the forefront of explaining how external influences affect the way people behave and cited as one of the most relevant and plausible theories regarding the acquisition of violence tendency. According to the social learning theory, people learn through modeling and imitation. Albert Bandura, who is often considered as the forefather of the theory, explained that most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasion this coded information serves as a guide for action. Social learning theory has been at the forefront of explaining how influences such as media affect young children. In his book, Social Learning and Personality Development, Bandura and his colleague, Richard Walters, concluded that imitation plays an important role in the acquisition of deviant, as well as of conforming, behavior. They reiterated in their own work the basic explanation put forth several decades earlier by the them to do, but rather what they see adults dd'(Gladys Reichard, 1938: 409-86). In probing into the causes of campus violence, attention must be given to the experiences of young people and how those experiences are interpreted by them. These experiences should include those in the community and school and with others but also experiences that students have with their popular culture, with the military (including JROTC organizations in high schools), and their knowledge of easy ccess to weapons. Cultures are created in neighborhoods, families, and states, and within a national context. What is easily accepted in the United States, what is produced and used, how individuals view themselves in relation to others, all add up to define what U. S. ulture is like and who Americans are as a people. If U. S. society continues to support militarism, to tolerate the mass manufacturing and distribution of weapons16 that have caused what health experts call a national health crisis in the country, and to patronize needless violence in the media, then, those who take art in such activities continue to produce a culture that is partly defined by violence. This violence may, if other factors fall into place, lead to youth and scho ol violence. Campus violence is Just one part of violence in the rest of society. According to the influence argument, it can be inferred that Americas violence cult, the dissemination of violence via mass media, and the institutionalized sexism, racism in society all exert influences on the person who is exposed to the context. 2. 2 Violence Cult Revolving around the social learning theory, the following section will discuss the iolence cult America practices historically and militarily, how the institutionalized sexism and racism still take foothold in contemporary America, including on American campus, and how these factors contribute to the happening of violence on campus. Violence is a defining characteristic of U. S. culture. Just like Ronnie Casella said in At Zero Tolerance: U. S. has benefited from violence. Through violence, the country has sustained economic and political might abroad, has bolstered domestic and international expansions, and has served international interventions. Violence is so ervasive in America that it symbolizes freedom, masculinity, dominance, and power. To understand Americas cult on violence, it is necessary to look at it from the historical perspective, as violence is historically consistent and it has been woven into the very fabric of American personality. The